Process for the conjoint polymerization of vinyl chloride with fumaric esters



another object is to produce polymers of vinyl chloride Patented July so, me

PROCESS FOR m crmonmn WITH 'l'ION OF VINYL ESI'EBS Harold W. Arnold.

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Ash i SerlI-l No. when I clll (Cl. 260-78] 1 v This invention relates to valuable compositions of matter and to a process for their More particularly, it relates to a new and improved process for the conioint polym rization of vinyl chloride with fumaric esters. r Products resulting from the conjoint poh'merization of vinyl chloride with fumarlc esters possess many valuable properties which make them very attractive for use in such applications as plastics, coating compositions, films and fibers. The lack of an economical process for the production of these interesting compositions in high state 0! quality has restricted wider utilisation of these products in the synthetic resin field.

This invention has as its object to provide a practical and eilicient process polymerization of vinyl chloride with a lunatic ester. Another object is to provide a new and improved process for the conloint A tion of vinyl chloride with a fumaric ester that is practicable for large scale operation. Still new and improved synthetic conjoint with fumaric esters. ent from the following tion.

These objects are accomplished by the following invention which comprises polymerizing the polymerizable components of an emulsion of vinyl chloride in admixture with, at least. one fumaric ester in an aqueous medium containing a dissolved salt of perdisuli'uric acid, and a disparsing agent selected from the group consisting of Other objects will be appardescription of the invenaos o and sa e OM OM containing about 0.1 to salt and about 1 to 5% defined above ofaboutl-dbytheaddition ofacidsoracidreaetingsalts. 'lhlsmediumis then placedinasuitablepressurevessel, which is provided with a means of agitation such as stirring or shaking, followed by about one-half its weightof the mixture tobepolymerized. The vesseliscooledbelowtheboilingpointofthe isadiustedtoapll monomeric vinyl chloride and the air in the free {01' the (501110!!! spaceofthevesselisdisplacedbyaninertgas suchasnitrogen. 'l'hevesselisthenclosedand heated thereafter at a constant temperature in the range of 20-80 C. with constant or intermittent agitation until polymerization has proceeded to the desired extent.

The following examples, in which the parts are given by weight, further illustrate the practice of the invention.

Exam-I l The following solution is prepared:

Parts Water 484 The sodium salt of sulfonatcd paramn oil- (a commercial dispersing agent containing about 52% of active ingredient which is essentially identical to that described in Example 111 of U. 8. Patent No. 2,197,800) 31.2 Ammonium perdisulfate 1.25

The pH of this solution is adjusted to 2.5 by adding a suitable amount of 89% formic acid. Fifty parts of this solution is placed in a glass pressure vessel capable of withstanding elevated pressures and the mixture is then cooled below the boiling point of vinyl chloride. A mixture consisting of 22 parts of vinyl chloride and 3 parts of diethyl fumarate is then added and the vessel sealed. After the contents of the pressure vessel have become completely liquefied, the vessel is agitated in a bath maintained at 40 C. for 24 hours. The resulting milky dispersion is frozen to coagulate the polymer, which is then a yield of 88 per cent. Chlorine analysis showed the product to contain 87.8 per cent vinyl chloride. The polymer can be molded into strong, tough, light-colored films and bars which have a softening point of 78 C. and a specific gravity of 1.36.

For purposes of comparison in these examples, the softening point of the resin is defined as that temperature :1" C. at which a molded bar of the material, 2.5x0.5x0.05" rigidly clamped at one end and loaded with a 27.5 gram weight applied 2" from the point of support and in the plane of the 0.5" dimension, deforms 0.06" when the bar is heated in a liquid bath at the rate of 2 0. per minute.

Exsuru: 11

Five hundred parts of the aqueous solution described in Example I is adjusted to a pH of 2.5 by the addition of a suitable amount of 89% formic acid and placed in a glass pressure vessel. The contents are cooled below the boiling point of vinyl chloride and then is added a mixture consisting of 200 parts of vinyl chloride and 50 parts of dimethyl i'umarate. The vessel is then swept with nitrogen to remove air and sealed. It is then agitated at 40" C. for 40 hours. The polymer dispersion so obtained is frozen to coagulate the product which is washed with water, borax solution, and methanol as in Example I. The yield of dry polymer is 103 parts or 41%. The properties of this product are shown in the" table below:

Vinyl chloride per cent... 54.! Softening point C 80 Tensile strength lbs./sq. in 9,040 Flexural strength lbs./sq, in 16,300

Exam: 111

When 238 parts of vinyl chloride and 13 parts of di-isobutyl fumarate are substituted for the amounts of vinyl chloride and dimethyl rumarate specified in Example II and polymerization and isolation carried out in the same manner, there is obtained 238 parts of dry polymer-a yield of 95%. This product has the properties tabulated below:

Vinyl chloride per cent-.. 94.2

Softening point"--- C 78.5

Tensile strength lbs./sq in 8,010

Fiexural strength lbsJsq, in 13,750

Exmru: IV

A mixture of 505 Parts of a commercial dispersing agent containing as its active ingredient 30 to 35% or a sulfonated paraflin oil, 23.8 parts of ammonium perdisulfate, and 8500 parts of distilled water is brought to a pH of 2.5 by the addition of formic acid and placed in a nickel lined pressure vessel fitted with a stirrer. After sweeping the vessel free space with nitrogen, 3865 parts of vinyl chloride and 129 parts of diethyl fumarate are forced into the autoclave under nitrogen pressure. The resulting mixture is heated with stirring to 40 C. and maintained at this temperature for approximately 24 hours while polymerization takes place. During this time an additional 540 parts of diethyl fumarate is forced into the autoclave at such a rate that the total number of parts of ester added is related to the density 01' the polymer dispersion as shown in the following table:

7 Totgl pagsho! 8S 1 W C Dispersion density, gJcc. (23 C.) should be present The mixture is heated for one hour after all the diethyl fumarate has been added. The polymer dispersion is then removed from the autoclave, diluted with 25,000 parts of water, heated to C. with stirring, and 500 parts of 10% aluminum sulfate solution added. The coagulated polymer is washed by decantation four times with distilled water, once with 0.25% sodium hydroxide solution, and once with methanol. The polymer is sucked as dry as possible on a filter and spread to dry completely on trays in a current of air. The polymer, obtained in an 80% yield, is a fine white powder containing 19.2% of combined diethyl fumarate and is easil soluble in acetone to give viscous solutions from which fibers and clear, brilliant films can be prepared. The polymer can also be hot-pressed into tough, colorless .sheets or molded, either by the compression or injection process, into tough, strong, light-colored objects. Other physical properties are outlined in the table below:

Softening point C Impact strength--ft. lbs/in. of notch 0.60 Bell flow (AB'I'M 1940 preprint #108) 22.3/136 Viscosity, poises (10% solution in cyclohexanone) 1.3

This invention is generic to the conjoint polymerization of vinyl chloride with fumaric esters. In addition to dimethyl, diethyl, and diisobutyl esters of i'umaric acid disclosed in the foregoing examples, the following esters of fumaric acid are also suitable; di-n-butyl, di-cyciohexyl, di-benzyl or di-(chloroethyl) esters or the esters of fumaric acid with methyl, ethyl or butyl glycol others. The diethyl and dimethyl esters are preferred since they yield higher softening and tougher products which are of great interest for a wide variety of uses. If desired, the copolymerization may be carried out in the presence of other compounds capable of polymerization under the same conditions. For example, such compounds as vinyl esters, acrylates, methacrylates, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, styrene, asymmetrical dichloroethylene or methyl vinyl ketone may be present.

The present invention is not restricted as re gards the proportion 01' vinyl chloride and fumaric esters whichmay be employed. It is within the scopeof this invention to polymerize vinyl chloride with i'umaric esters in weight ratios ranging from about 1:19 to about 19:1. It is realized, of course, that the relative proportions of the two monomers employed has an important influence on the properties of the polymerization products. A preferred embodiment of this invention is directed to the brenaratinn m mmim-..

having ester contents ranging from 1% up to 25 percent. It has been found that the products within this range are characterlzed' by desirable softening points, toughness, impact strengths and other properties which make them very attractive for use in such applications as moldings, coating compositions and fibers. This is more clearly illustrated in Table I which shows the variation in physical properties with increasing ester content tor several series of vinyl chloridefumaric ester copoiymers.

Table I 1mm i l I Content Boitsn strength am pm PH strength pawl point, it. lbtfln. of notch lbs'rsq in 5 83- 5 B28 14:, 200 11 79. 0, 0 603 '14, B00 31 79. 15, B00 45 a9. 0 16. 3) 5 83- o a. 50 13, 669 1D 81. D 0. B2 13, 700 an. 0 0. at 11,000 76. o o. 61 i2, 500 T2. 0 0. 54 10, 509 67.0 0. 5D

s is. 5 0. B13 13, 760 12. 5 77. 0 i]. 575 13, 150 0-.. 36 62. 5 12, 300 Do 47 at. o 11, 000

It can be seen from the data in Table I that the products within the preferred range of ester content possess the most attractive properties requisite of a good plastic and that products of increased ester content are less attractive for such purposes as noted above;

The polymerization catalysts encompassed by this invention include the water-soluble salts of perdisuliuric acid, In addition to the ammonium salt disclosed in the examples, there may also be used the sodium, potassium, lithium, barium, and

calcium perdisulfates. It is observed that the sulfate ion appears in aqueous solutions of perdisulfates. For this reason, while the water-soluble alkaline earth metals salts are operable, they are not usually used because of their tendency to form a precipitate of the corresponding alkaline earth sulfate, The preferred salts are the ammonium and alkali metal salts. perdisuliate is especially suited for economic considerations.

The concentration of perdisulfate salt employed may be varied within wide limits. For instance, amounts of perdlsulfates varying from 0.1% to 10% of the quantity of monomer employedL are operable. In respect to economy of catalyst, quality of product and rapidity of polymerization, the preferred proportion of perdisulfate salts lies in the range of 0.1% to 4% based on weight of monomer.

As operable dispersing agents in addition to those disclosed in the foregoing examples, there -may be mentioned the alkali metal salts of the following long chain =alkyl sulfates and suitonatcs: dodecyl-l acid sulfate, tetradecyl-l acid sulfate, octadecyl-l acid sulfate. dodecane-l-sulionic acid, tetradecane-l-sulfonic acid, hexadecane-l-sulfonic acid and octadecane-l-sulfonic acid. The salts of long chain sulionated paraihn oil hydrocarbons are especially effective dispers ants, and need be employed only in small proportions to achieve the desired results. It will be understood that the dispersants to which reference is made above are commercial materials which, because of the methods used in their manufacture and because oi the sources oi the starting 20 but is usually irom 0.5 to 4%.

Ammonium materials, are usually not produced in high state oi purity and contain minor constituents which influence the effectiveness oi. the active ingredientj Polymerization systems containing such 5 ancillary ingredients, which are present adven- 1 chain primary alcohols, carbohydrate derivatives,

polyvinyl alcohol, etc.

Using the rate of polymerization as a criterion, the invention encompasses the use of dispersin agent active ingredients in concentrations of 0.2

15 to 5% based on the weight of the aqueous ,medium used in the copolymerization of vinyl chloride and iumaric esters. Within this range the preferred concentration will in general depend upon the proportion or monomer present,

From the standpoint of economy and to facilitate removing the dispersing agent from the polymerized product. it is customary to use the least amount of dispersing agent necessary to bring about the de- 25 sired rate of polymerization. It is to be understood that when reference is made to the use of definite precentages of dispersing agents, these values are calculated on the basis of the known active ingredient concentration in the commer- 30 cial dispersants.

may be used in producing and maintaining the emulsions. The most commonly employed method of mixing is stirring, preferably in vessels containing suitable baflles. Other methods include shaking, tumbling and the use of turbomixers. The dispersing agents operable in this invention are in general useful in forming stable emulsions, which after they are once formed, require little or no agitation thereafter. It has been found, however, that polymerization occurs more rapidly in certain emulsions while they are being agitated. It is, accordingly, preferred to assist the dispersing agent in producing and maintaining the emulsion by mechanical means which may or may not be continuous. It should 9 be emphasized that the dependence of the efficiency or the dispersing agents upon the active ingredient concentration and agitation in no way repudiates the sharp distinction previously noted between the dispersing agents operable in this invention and those which are not. Thus, with most of the inoperable or impractical dispersing agents, it is impossible to obtain the rapid rate characteristic of the operable agents either by most vigorous agitation or by the use of concentrations as high as the solubility of the material will permit. Even in instances where such modifications of systems involving impractical dispersing agents permit suflicient acceleration of the polymerization rate, the process is not practicable because of the expense and operating diillculties entailed by the use of very high proportions oi such dispersing agents.

The process of this invention may be carried out in alkaline, acid or neutral media. However,

it is preferred to carry out the polymerization in an aqueous medium whose pH may vary from about 1 to about 5 since this this range appears to enhance the polymerization rates of vinyl chloride and fumaric esters. It is realized, however, the pH 0! the aqueous media used will depend on the nature of the monomers copolymerlzed with vinyl chloride. For example, when vinyl esters of carboxylic acids are employed, care must be taken to prevent the hydrolysis of the ester. Since the polymerization, in general, proceeds more slowly in environments of low acidity and since high acidity may cause excessive corrosion of the polymerization vessel, it is preferred that the polymerization be carried out at a pH of about 2 to about 4. If it is desired to avoid changes in pH during the course of polymerization, buller mixtures may be added to the aqueous medium.

The operability of the invention is not confined to any particular proportion of polymerizable monomer or monomers relative to the amount of aqueous media present. Thus, the ratio of the aqueous to the non-aqueous phase may vary between approximately 10:1 and 1:1. In general, it is preferred that the, aqueous/nonaqueous ratio shall be approximately 4:1 to 1:1 since for a given reaction vessel the time-space yield is greatly reduced by the use of higher ratios. It can be further said that higher aqueous/non-aquecus ratios usually tend to favor the production of lower molecular weight products. It is also helpful in maintaining anemulsion if the proportion by weight of non-aqueous to aqueous phases is not greater than 1:1. As is well known, the dependence of the rate of vinyl polymerization upon the temperature is very important, and low temperatures cannot be generally used because the corresponding rate of reaction is impracticably low. The present invention can be operated at any temperature above the freezing point of the aqueous phase which is somewhat below C. up to about 80 0., above which the product may be adversely affected by the aqueou medium. It is preferred to employ temperatures in the range of 20 C. to 60 C.

It is realized that the presence of oxygen in th polymerization vessel, while not appearing to have a deleterious effect on the properties of the polymers of this invention, may adversely affect the rate of polymerization in certain cases. In these cases it is, therefore, preferable to displace the air from the polymerization vessel by means of a gas which does not reduce the rate of polymerization. Suitable gases are nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and helium. These gases may be passed through the free space of the polymerization vessel until the air has been completely displaced or may be introduced under suillciently high pressure that the oxygen originally present is so greatly diluted as to have little effect on the rate of polymerization.

The process is not limited to any particular apparatus, but it is important that the reaction vessel shall be constructed of material which has no effect on the rate of polymerization or on the quality of the products and is not affected by the aqueous medium used in carrying out the polymerization. Suitable vessels may be constructed of stainless steel, nickel, silver or lead. Vessels equipped with glass or enamel liners may also be used.

It is within the scope of this invention to employ any of the known procedures for carrying out the polymerization. The entire amounts of the vinyl chloride and fumaric ester may be initially added to the aqueous medium followed by subsequent emulsiilcation and polymerization of the aqueous dispersion. It is well known that the polymerization rate of the monomers operable in mixing initially all Of the vinyl chloride and 8 small proportion of the fumaric ester with the aqueous medium. and thereafter adding small portions of the fumaric ester at about the rate at which the ester is used up. The emulsion process of this invention is also adapted to be carried out in a continuous manner.

At the conclusion of polymerization the products of this invention may be isolated as finely divided powders by a variety of methods. For example, the dispersion may be sprayed into a heated and/or evacuated chamber whereby the water is removed as vapor and the polymer falls to the bottom of the chamber. The polymer may also be isolated by cooling the dispersion below the freezing point of the aqueous medium or by the addition of a large volume of a lower aliphatic alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. The most satisfactory method consists in adding an appropriate amount of an electrolyte solution to the dilute aqueous dispersion with rapid agitation at a. temperature just below the point at which the precipitated particles tend to cohere. This procedure yields a Po ymer in the form of dense granular particles which are readily filtered and washed. Suitable electrolytes include sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate. lead nitrate, lead acetate, stannous chloride, and

aluminum sulfate. After precipitation of the polymer it is filtered and washed repeatedly with water to remove traces of electrolyte and dispers ng agent which may adhere to the particles. Washing with dilute solutions (0.1 to 1%) of caustic soda or ammonium hydroxide assists in removing the last traces of dispersing agent and at the same time yields polymers of improved heat stability. In order to facilitate low temperature drying of the polymers, it is beneficial to employ a final wash with a lower aliphatic alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. Before precipitation it may be advantageous to add to the dispersion small amounts of heat and light stabilizers such as epichlorohydrin, 1-phenoxy-2, 3- epoxypropane, l-p-tolyloxy-Z, 3-epoxy ro ne, alpha, alpha-dimethyl glycide and ethyl g l ycidate; cadmium, copper, lead and manganese salts of oleic, llnoleic, stearic, ricinoleic, palmitic, lauric and fatty oil acids generally; eugenol, butyl salicylate and guaiacol; glycine, leucine, alanine and the m-octyl ester of C-dimethyl glycine and 4- cyclohexyl morpholine. In general, monocarboxylic acid amides, preferably of the secondary or N-monosubstituted type, having heavy hydrocarbon residues, preferably in the form of long open chains, may be used advantageously as stabilizers. Specific compounds of this type include: N-(2-methyl-3-hydroxylpropyl)amide of IO-undecenoic acid, N -isobutylamide o1 naphthenic acids, N-lsobutyl lauramide, N-allylamide of IO-undecenoic acid, N-(p-ethoxyphenyi) amide of 10- undecenoic acid, amides of castor oil acids, N-isobutylamide of IO-undecenoic acid, N-isobutyl amide of oleic acid. N-isobutylamide of coconut oil acids, and the mixture of N-alkylamides of oi perdisuliuric acid and from 2% to 5%,

carbamic acid in which the alkyl groups correspond in sine and proportion to those present in the higher alcohols obtained by catalytic hydrogenation oi carbon oxides. It may also be 01 advantage to add small amounts oi plasticizers such as dibutyl-phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, and dibutyl sebacate.

The products prepared according to this invention may be used for the preparation of plastics, coatings, fibers, films, foils and adhesives. For any 01' these purposes. the polymers may be combined with or prepared in the presence of plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, pigments. dyes, softeners. natural resins or other synthetic resins. I In cases in which the products are to be used as coating or impregnating agents for porous materials, it is possible to apply the emulsion directly to the material to be coated without the intermediate isolation of the polymer.

As many apparently widely diflerent embodiments oi this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific embodiments shown and described.

I claim:

1. The process for obtaining a resinous material which comprises polymerizing at a temperature ranging from about C.-80 C. the poly l components of an emulsion consisting of vinyl chloride in admixture with from 1-25% by weight of said p ymerizable components of a tumaric diester or a saturated, single monohydric alcohol containing not more than 2 carbon atoms in an aqueous medium wherein the ratio 0! aqueous to non-aqueous phase ranges from 10:1 to 1:1, and having a pH ranging from about 1 to 5 and containing a catalytic amount or a dissolved salt 01 perdisulfuric acid and from .2% to 5%, based on the weight of said aqueous medium, oi a dispersing agent selected from the group consisting oi o noso andas o OM OM ca-rec components 01' an aqueous emulsion consisting 01' vinyl chloride in admixture with an amount of about 5%, based on the total polymerizable components, of a iumaric acid diester of a saturated,

5 aliphatic, single monohydric alcohol containing not more than 2 carbon atoms, said emulsion being in an aqueous medium wherein the ratio oi aqueous to non-aqueous phase is between 10:1 and 1:1 having a pH rangin from about 1-5 and containing from about .l% to 10%, based on the' weight of monomer present, oi a dissolved salt of perdisuliuric acid, and from about .2%5%, based onthe weight of said aqueous medium, of a dispersing agent selected from the group consisting oi o o aoso and nso on Oh! bon atoms and M is an alkali metal.

4. A process for obtaining a resinous material which comprises polymerizing at a temperature ranging from 20 (2-60 0. the polymerizable components of an emulsion consisting of vinyl chloride in admixture with from 1%-25% by weight of a fumaric diester derived from the esterification oi fumaric acid with a saturated, single monohydric alcohol containing not more than 2 carbon atoms, said emulsion being in an aqueous medium wherein the ratio or aqueous to non-aqueous phase is between 10:1 and 1:1 having a pH ranging from about 2-4 and containing from about 0.1 %-4%, based on the weight or the monomer present, oi a dissolved salt of perdisuliuric acid and from about 0.5%4%. based on the weight of the aqueous medium, of a dispersing agent from the group consisting or o noso and R520 OH on wherein R is an acyclic hydrocarbon of 12-18 carbon atoms and M is an alkali metal, said emulsion during said polymerization having a substantially inert, oxygen-free gas thereover.

5. The process for obtaining a resinous material which comprises polymerizing at a temperavinyl chloride in admixture with from 1-25% by weight 01 said polymerizable components oi! a fumaric diester of a saturated, singl monohydric alcohol containing not more than 2 carbon atoms in an aqueous medium wherein the ratio of aqueous to non-aqueous phase ranges between 10:1 and 1:1 having a pH ranging from about 1 to 5 and containing from .1% to 10%, based on the weight or the monomer present. of a dissolved sal;

base on the weight or said aqueous medium, of a disparsing agent selected from the groupgconsisting of O 308%0 and 38:0

OM OM ture ranging from 0 (L-80 C. the polymerizable' ture ranging from 20 C.- 60 C. the polymerizable components of an emulsion consisting of vinyl chloride in admixture with from 1%-25% y weight of the diethyl ester or fumario acid, said emulsion being in an aqeuous medium having a ratio oi aqueous to non-aqueous phase of from 4: 1 to 1:1 and having a pH ranging from 2-4 and containing from about 0.1%-4%, based on the weight of monomer present, of ammonium perdisulfate, and from about 0.5%-4%, based on the weight of the aqueous medium, of the sodium salt of sulionated paraihn oil, said emulsion during said polymerization being in contact with an atmosphere of nitrogen.

6. A process for obtaining a resinous material which comprises polymerizing at a temperature ranging from about 20 C. to 60 C. the polymerizable components of an emulsion consisting 01' vinyl chloride in admixture with from 1-25% by weight of said polymerizable components 0! the diethyl ester 01 fumaric acid, said emulsion being in an aqueous medium at a pH 0! from about 2-4,

having a ratio 01' aqueous to non-aqueous phase ranging between 10:1 and 1:1, and containing 11 .2% to 5%, based on the weight or the aqueous medium, of a dispersing agent selected from the group consisting oi and R8 0 wherein R is an acyclic hydrocarbono! 12-18 car-.

12 being in an aqueous medium wherein the ratio of aqueous to non-aqueous phase ranges from 4:1 to

1:1. having a pH of from about 2-4 and containing irom about 0.1% to 4%, based on the weight of monomer present. or a dissolved salt oi. perdisulfuric acid and from 0.5% to 4%. based on the weight of the aqueous medium of a dispersing agent selected from the group consisting of o o nos==o and nso ON on wherein R is an acyclic hydrocarbon oi 12-18 carbon atoms and M is an alkalimetal, said emulsion duringisaid polymerisation having a substantially inert oxygen-tree gas thereover.

m'mom w. mom.

Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,404,780.

July so, 1946.

HAROLD W. ARNOLD It is hereby certified that errors appear in the printed specification of the above numbered .5% tea V said Letters Patent should Jxatent requiring correction as follows: Column 9, line 39, claim 1, for 5%; column 10 line 54, claim 5, for "aqeuous" read aqueous; and that the lie read with these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Ofice.

Signed and sealed this 29th day of October, A. D. 1946.

LESLIE FRAZER, e

First Assistmvt Oonmcim'amr of Patents.

11 .2% to 5%, based on the weight or the aqueous medium, of a dispersing agent selected from the group consisting oi and R8 0 wherein R is an acyclic hydrocarbono! 12-18 car-.

12 being in an aqueous medium wherein the ratio of aqueous to non-aqueous phase ranges from 4:1 to

1:1. having a pH of from about 2-4 and containing irom about 0.1% to 4%, based on the weight of monomer present. or a dissolved salt oi. perdisulfuric acid and from 0.5% to 4%. based on the weight of the aqueous medium of a dispersing agent selected from the group consisting of o o nos==o and nso ON on wherein R is an acyclic hydrocarbon oi 12-18 carbon atoms and M is an alkalimetal, said emulsion duringisaid polymerisation having a substantially inert oxygen-tree gas thereover.

m'mom w. mom.

Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,404,780.

July so, 1946.

HAROLD W. ARNOLD It is hereby certified that errors appear in the printed specification of the above numbered .5% tea V said Letters Patent should Jxatent requiring correction as follows: Column 9, line 39, claim 1, for 5%; column 10 line 54, claim 5, for "aqeuous" read aqueous; and that the lie read with these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Ofice.

Signed and sealed this 29th day of October, A. D. 1946.

LESLIE FRAZER, e

First Assistmvt Oonmcim'amr of Patents. 

